6 10 462 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource alfehrest Group Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Edwin Bidwell Wilson and Mathematics as a Language Type The nature or genre of the resource Journal Article Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Juan Carvajalino Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 1, 2018 Zotero Title Edwin Bidwell Wilson and Mathematics as a Language Item Type Journal Article Author Juan Carvajalino URL https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/700016 Volume 109 Issue 3 Pages 494-514 Publication Title Isis ISSN 0021-1753 Date September 1, 2018 Journal Abbreviation Isis DOI 10.1086/700016 Access Date 2018-09-27 08:24:02 Library Catalog journals.uchicago.edu (Atypon) Abstract Note The economist Paul Samuelson acknowledged that he was a disciple of Edwin Bidwell Wilson (1879–1964), an American polymath who was a protégé of Josiah Willard Gibbs. Wilson’s influence on the development of sciences in America has been relatively neglected, as he mostly acted behind the scenes of academia at the organizational and pedagogical fronts. At the basis of his activism were original ideas about the foundations of mathematics and science. This essay reconstructs Wilson’s career and foundational discussions, which evolved as he reacted to David Hilbert’s mathematics, Bertrand Russell’s logic, Henri Poincaré’s conventionalism, Karl Pearson’s statistics, Charles Sanders Peirce’s inference theory, and Lawrence Henderson’s work in social sciences. In brief, after having started his professional life as a mathematician at Yale University (1902–1907), Wilson marginalized himself from mathematics and joined other academic communities and fields, working in mathematical physics at MIT (1907–1922) and in statistics, social science, and economics at Harvard University (1922–retirement). He defined mathematics as a language, meaning by this that mathematics and science were reciprocally indispensable, with the former providing structure and the latter meaning. In an American exceptionalist spirit, Wilson also meant to suggest that homegrown mathematical and scientific traditions should prevail over European ones. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource alfehrest Group Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Scientific Life in the Alpine: Recreation and Moral Life in the Field Type The nature or genre of the resource Journal Article Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Danielle K. Inkpen Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 1, 2018 Zotero Title The Scientific Life in the Alpine: Recreation and Moral Life in the Field Item Type Journal Article Author Danielle K. Inkpen URL https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/699704 Volume 109 Issue 3 Pages 515-537 Publication Title Isis ISSN 0021-1753 Date September 1, 2018 Journal Abbreviation Isis DOI 10.1086/699704 Access Date 2018-09-27 08:24:04 Library Catalog journals.uchicago.edu (Atypon) Abstract Note Historians of science have long recognized the field as a socially heterogeneous space wherein different groups jostle for access and to assert the priority of their activities. This essay offers a new take on this heterogeneity by considering recreation as a form of moralized social belonging that scientists bring to the field. In the 1940s, when North American glaciology was emerging as a military-supported geophysical science, many glaciologists were also mountaineers. The essay analyzes a dispute between a mountaineer and a scientist-mountaineer that took place at this time, in which the scientist turned to mountaineering ethics to confront accusations of pseudoscience. The dispute is unintelligible unless one recognizes mountaineering as a form of social belonging with its own ends, techniques, standards, and virtues, capable of influencing how scientists negotiate life in the field. On this account, social heterogeneity and the means for navigating it not only arise through borrowings and appropriations from other social groups but are brought to the field through scientists’ prior commitments to other forms of social life. This suggests a new role for recreation in the history of science: identification with an avocational pursuit may shape moral and social life in the field. Short Title The Scientific Life in the Alpine Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource alfehrest Group Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Scientific Autonomy, Public Accountability, and the Rise of “Peer Review” in the Cold War United States Type The nature or genre of the resource Journal Article Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Melinda Baldwin Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 1, 2018 Zotero Title Scientific Autonomy, Public Accountability, and the Rise of “Peer Review” in the Cold War United States Item Type Journal Article Author Melinda Baldwin URL https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/700070 Volume 109 Issue 3 Pages 538-558 Publication Title Isis ISSN 0021-1753 Date September 1, 2018 Journal Abbreviation Isis DOI 10.1086/700070 Access Date 2018-09-27 08:24:07 Library Catalog journals.uchicago.edu (Atypon) Abstract Note This essay traces the history of refereeing at specialist scientific journals and at funding bodies and shows that it was only in the late twentieth century that peer review came to be seen as a process central to scientific practice. Throughout the nineteenth century and into much of the twentieth, external referee reports were considered an optional part of journal editing or grant making. The idea that refereeing is a requirement for scientific legitimacy seems to have arisen first in the Cold War United States. In the 1970s, in the wake of a series of attacks on scientific funding, American scientists faced a dilemma: there was increasing pressure for science to be accountable to those who funded it, but scientists wanted to ensure their continuing influence over funding decisions. Scientists and their supporters cast expert refereeing—or “peer review,” as it was increasingly called—as the crucial process that ensured the credibility of science as a whole. Taking funding decisions out of expert hands, they argued, would be a corruption of science itself. This public elevation of peer review both reinforced and spread the belief that only peer-reviewed science was scientifically legitimate. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource alfehrest Group Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Introduction Type The nature or genre of the resource Journal Article Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Carsten Reinhardt Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 1, 2018 Zotero Title Introduction Item Type Journal Article Author Carsten Reinhardt URL https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/699997 Volume 109 Issue 3 Pages 559-564 Publication Title Isis ISSN 0021-1753 Date September 1, 2018 Journal Abbreviation Isis DOI 10.1086/699997 Access Date 2018-09-27 08:24:08 Library Catalog journals.uchicago.edu (Atypon) Abstract Note The linkages and interactions of scientific disciplines with industry, politics, and society have long been a staple in the history of science, the history of technology, and science studies. However, it is arguable that the impact of this intertwining on the epistemic and social core of scientific disciplines has not yet been sufficiently explored. Chemistry is an ideal case in point, given that it has emerged as one of the largest scientific disciplines while at the same time becoming one of the world’s most powerful technologies. Specifically, chemistry’s power lies in its ability to gain knowledge of the natural world by transforming it, along with the society in which it is embedded. The four contributions to this Focus section all address chemistry’s border permeability, based on its transformative powers; they focus on the feedback mechanisms that transformed chemistry and thereby altered the very concept of a scientific discipline. So successful has this “nonclassical approach” become that, in the opinion of the contributors to this Focus section, it is now both necessary and advisable to study the history of chemistry’s embeddedness and power in science and technology. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource alfehrest Group Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chemistry and Industry: A Tale of Two Moving Targets Type The nature or genre of the resource Journal Article Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ernst Homburg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 1, 2018 Zotero Title Chemistry and Industry: A Tale of Two Moving Targets Item Type Journal Article Author Ernst Homburg URL https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/699986 Volume 109 Issue 3 Pages 565-576 Publication Title Isis ISSN 0021-1753 Date September 1, 2018 Journal Abbreviation Isis DOI 10.1086/699986 Access Date 2018-09-27 08:24:10 Library Catalog journals.uchicago.edu (Atypon) Abstract Note There are many histories of the chemical industry but very few systematic studies that portray the changing relations between chemistry and industry. This essay tackles the issue by looking to evolving practices and to changes in semantics in particular. On the practical level, both chemistry and industry changed greatly between about 1750 and 1950, which led to different types of interactions over the course of time. Special attention is paid to the emergence and subsequent history of the concept of the “Second Industrial Revolution” (ca. 1870–1900). It is argued—and illustrated by several examples—that historians using that concept have tended to underestimate the role of chemistry in industry before about 1870 and have overestimated its role after that date. The rhetorical repertoires of historical actors had great influence on the ways historians later perceived the period of the Second Industrial Revolution. Moreover, the meanings of the key words that we use to describe historical processes have changed considerably over time. The meanings of the terms “chemistry” and “industry” both changed, as did those of terms such as “technology,” “art,” “science,” “philosophy,” and “knowledge.” This happened most fundamentally between about 1750 and 1850, a period called a Sattelzeit (transition period) by the German historian Reinhart Koselleck for that very reason. Awareness of those semantic changes is crucial for a better understanding of the changing relationships between chemistry and industry, especially for the period before about 1850. Short Title Chemistry and Industry Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource alfehrest Group Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Ideas in Chemistry: The Pure and the Impure Type The nature or genre of the resource Journal Article Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Alan J. Rocke Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 1, 2018 Zotero Title Ideas in Chemistry: The Pure and the Impure Item Type Journal Article Author Alan J. Rocke URL https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/699998 Volume 109 Issue 3 Pages 577-586 Publication Title Isis ISSN 0021-1753 Date September 1, 2018 Journal Abbreviation Isis DOI 10.1086/699998 Access Date 2018-09-27 08:24:13 Library Catalog journals.uchicago.edu (Atypon) Abstract Note A brief analysis of the evolution of chemical theory in nineteenth-century Europe provides instantiation for the continuing vitality of an intellectual-historical approach to the history of modern science. The story told here also illustrates the pragmatic and pluralistic attitudes displayed by many of the most successful chemists of that period and offers possible parallel lessons for historians. Short Title Ideas in Chemistry Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource alfehrest Group Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Boundaries, Transformations, Historiography: Physics in Chemistry from the 1920s to the 1960s Type The nature or genre of the resource Journal Article Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Mary Jo Nye Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 1, 2018 Zotero Title Boundaries, Transformations, Historiography: Physics in Chemistry from the 1920s to the 1960s Item Type Journal Article Author Mary Jo Nye URL https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/699996 Volume 109 Issue 3 Pages 587-596 Publication Title Isis ISSN 0021-1753 Date September 1, 2018 Journal Abbreviation Isis DOI 10.1086/699996 Access Date 2018-09-27 08:24:17 Library Catalog journals.uchicago.edu (Atypon) Abstract Note The decades of the 1920s to the 1960s were a period of transformation in chemical science. The era was marked by erosion of boundaries that had often been drawn between chemistry and other scientific disciplines. In particular, theories, instruments, and mathematical approaches associated with the new physics of X-rays, the electron particle, and the electron wave enabled chemists and other physical scientists to address unsolved chemical problems of structure and mechanism and to ask new questions that further expanded and transcended disciplinary borders. In turn, the historiography of these developments reflects the pluralism of chemistry in historical narratives written by scientists, historians, philosophers, and sociologists. Short Title Boundaries, Transformations, Historiography Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource alfehrest Group Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Eloge: Hamilton Cravens (1938–2015) Type The nature or genre of the resource Journal Article Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Vassiliki Betty Smocovitis Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 1, 2018 Zotero Title Eloge: Hamilton Cravens (1938–2015) Item Type Journal Article Author Vassiliki Betty Smocovitis URL https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/700068 Volume 109 Issue 3 Pages 608-611 Publication Title Isis ISSN 0021-1753 Date September 1, 2018 Journal Abbreviation Isis DOI 10.1086/700068 Access Date 2018-09-27 08:24:22 Library Catalog journals.uchicago.edu (Atypon) Short Title Eloge Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource alfehrest Group Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Steven Lubar. Inside the Lost Museum: Curating, Past and Present. Type The nature or genre of the resource Journal Article Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Caroline Cornish Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 1, 2018 Zotero Title Steven Lubar. Inside the Lost Museum: Curating, Past and Present. Item Type Journal Article Author Caroline Cornish URL https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/699348 Volume 109 Issue 3 Pages 616-617 Publication Title Isis ISSN 0021-1753 Date September 1, 2018 Journal Abbreviation Isis DOI 10.1086/699348 Access Date 2018-09-27 08:24:28 Library Catalog journals.uchicago.edu (Atypon) Short Title Steven Lubar. Inside the Lost Museum Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource alfehrest Group Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Dominique Raynaud. A Critical Edition of Ibn al-Haytham’s On the Shape of the Eclipse: The First Experimental Study of the Camera Obscura. Type The nature or genre of the resource Journal Article Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Taro Mimura Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 1, 2018 Zotero Title Dominique Raynaud. A Critical Edition of Ibn al-Haytham’s On the Shape of the Eclipse: The First Experimental Study of the Camera Obscura. Item Type Journal Article Author Taro Mimura URL https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/700067 Volume 109 Issue 3 Pages 621-622 Publication Title Isis ISSN 0021-1753 Date September 1, 2018 Journal Abbreviation Isis DOI 10.1086/700067 Access Date 2018-09-27 08:24:36 Library Catalog journals.uchicago.edu (Atypon) Short Title Dominique Raynaud. A Critical Edition of Ibn al-Haytham’s On the Shape of the Eclipse